Spatiotemporal pattern selection in a nontoxic-phytoplankton - toxic-phytoplankton - zooplankton model with toxin avoidance effects

作者：

Highlights：

• Toxin avoidance effects are considered in space as a cross-diffusion term in a nontoxic-phytoplankton - toxic phytoplankton - zooplankton model.

• Amplitude analysis on the three species system are explored; Stripes, hexagons, and mixed patterns of stripes can be expected through the theoretical analysis.

• As toxin avoidance effects increase (cross-diffusion coefficient), system goes through different stages of pattern selection.

• Numerical simulations are consistent with the results of theoretical analysis.

摘要

•Toxin avoidance effects are considered in space as a cross-diffusion term in a nontoxic-phytoplankton - toxic phytoplankton - zooplankton model.•Amplitude analysis on the three species system are explored; Stripes, hexagons, and mixed patterns of stripes can be expected through the theoretical analysis.•As toxin avoidance effects increase (cross-diffusion coefficient), system goes through different stages of pattern selection.•Numerical simulations are consistent with the results of theoretical analysis.

论文关键词：Pattern formation,Toxin avoidance,Amplitude equation,Cross-diffusion

论文评审过程：Received 25 July 2021, Revised 27 January 2022, Accepted 4 February 2022, Available online 20 February 2022, Version of Record 20 February 2022.

论文官网地址：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2022.127007