“Alexa, can we design gamification without a screen?” - Implementing cooperative and competitive audio-gamification for intelligent virtual assistants

Highlights：

• Motivational effects of gamification are analyzed in the context of IVAs.

• A between-subjects experiment with cooperative and competitive groups was executed.

• Results show gamification can raise motivation and performance for screenless IVAs.

• The cooperative and competitive groups' performance and motivation did not differ.

• Results suggest gamification does not require a visual component to be successful.