Exploring the common principal subspace of deep features in neural networks

摘要

We find that different Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) trained with the same dataset share a common principal subspace in latent spaces, no matter in which architectures (e.g., Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Multi-Layer Preceptors (MLPs) and Autoencoders (AEs)) the DNNs were built or even whether labels have been used in training (e.g., supervised, unsupervised, and self-supervised learning). Specifically, we design a new metric \({\mathcal {P}}\)-vector to represent the principal subspace of deep features learned in a DNN, and propose to measure angles between the principal subspaces using \({\mathcal {P}}\)-vectors. Small angles (with cosine close to 1.0) have been found in the comparisons between any two DNNs trained with different algorithms/architectures. Furthermore, during the training procedure from random scratch, the angle decrease from a larger one (70°–80° usually) to the small one, which coincides the progress of feature space learning from scratch to convergence. Then, we carry out case studies to measure the angle between the \({\mathcal {P}}\)-vector and the principal subspace of training dataset, and connect such angle with generalization performance. Extensive experiments with practically-used Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLPs), AEs and CNNs for classification, image reconstruction, and self-supervised learning tasks on MNIST, CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets have been done to support our claims with solid evidences.