Data and task parallelism in ILP using MapReduce

摘要

Nearly two decades of research in the area of Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) have seen steady progress in clarifying its theoretical foundations and regular demonstrations of its applicability to complex problems in very diverse domains. These results are necessary, but not sufficient, for ILP to be adopted as a tool for data analysis in an era of very large machine-generated scientific and industrial datasets, accompanied by programs that provide ready access to complex relational information in machine-readable forms (ontologies, parsers, and so on). Besides the usual issues about the ease of use, ILP is now confronted with questions of implementation. We are concerned here with two of these, namely: can an ILP system construct models efficiently when (a) Dataset sizes are too large to fit in the memory of a single machine; and (b) Search space sizes becomes prohibitively large to explore using a single machine. In this paper, we examine the applicability to ILP of a popular distributed computing approach that provides a uniform way for performing data and task parallel computations in ILP. The MapReduce programming model allows, in principle, very large numbers of processors to be used without any special understanding of the underlying hardware or software involved. Specifically, we show how the MapReduce approach can be used to perform the coverage-test that is at the heart of many ILP systems, and to perform multiple searches required by a greedy set-covering algorithm used by some popular ILP systems. Our principal findings with synthetic and real-world datasets for both data and task parallelism are these: (a) Ignoring overheads, the time to perform the computations concurrently increases with the size of the dataset for data parallelism and with the size of the search space for task parallelism. For data parallelism this increase is roughly in proportion to increases in dataset size; (b) If a MapReduce implementation is used as part of an ILP system, then benefits for data parallelism can only be expected above some minimal dataset size, and for task parallelism can only be expected above some minimal search-space size; and (c) The MapReduce approach appears better suited to exploit data-parallelism in ILP.